Damian Nance (right) with colleagues (left to right) Brendan Murphy (Canada), Rob Strachan (U.K.) and Cecilio Quesada (Spain) in 2005 examining an outcrop in the Ural Mountains of Russia that shows almost identical relationships to those in the northern Appalachians, the U.K., and western Europe.
Twenty-five years ago, a book by two geology professors described an amazing history of the world, a cycle of mountains rising and continents colliding. Now Damian Nance and Margaret Thompson bring together scientists from around the world in a new book—with new scientific insights that revolutionize our understanding of the origin and evolution of the Appalachian Mountains and mountain ranges of the same age in Europe and northwest Africa.
Nance’s work on the geologic record of the Earth combines the Supercontinent Cycle and the history of ocean closing and mountain building on either side of the North Atlantic in the time window between about 650 and 260 million years ago. In geologic time, that’s somewhere between the Earth’s first animals up through the Age of Dinosaurs.
Their new book describes geological advances in three linked mountain belts whose formation, together with that of the Ural Mountains in Russia, assembled the greater part of the supercontinent Pangea some 300 million years ago.
“It was a very active geologic time interval, and the mountain ranges tell us how the land masses were being shaped and reshaped by tectonic forces,” said Nance, Ohio University Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Geological Sciences. “Thus, the Appalachians record the collision of North America and West Africa. The Caledonides of western Europe brought together North America and Europe, and the Variscan Belt of southern Europe documents the collision of Europe and North Africa. Along the slightly younger Ural Mountains, Europe collided with Siberia.”
Nance expects the new book “to be as important and influential as its predecessor.”
Damian Nance’s two books on the history of the Appalachian and related mountain belts in Europe and North Africa.
What have geologists learned in 25 years since Nance deduced the Cycle of Supercontinents?
In December 1996, the Geological Society of America published a book, co-edited by Nance and Thompson, which described important new geological developments that were revolutionizing understanding of the origin and evolution of the Appalachian Mountains and mountain ranges of the same age in Europe and northwest Africa. Thompson is Professor Emerita of Geosciences at Wellesley College.
Meg Thompson (left) with colleagues Brendan Murphy (Canada), Duncan Keppie (Mexico) and Jarda Dostal (Canada) at the 2005 Annual Meeting of the Geological Association of Canada in Halifax, Nova Scotia, where they joined Damian Nance (holding camera) in convening a Special Session titled “Assembling Avalon and other peri-Gondwanan terranes.”
Their 390-page book, “Avalonian and Related Peri-Gondwanan Terranes of the Circum-North Atlantic,” brought together 51 authors from 6 countries and proved to be a landmark volume that continues to be cited to this day.
“But many years have passed since the book’s publication, and many new advances have been made in Appalachian geology and its cross-Atlantic linkages in the interim,” Nance said. “New analytical methods and field techniques have emerged, international communication and collaboration has increased greatly, and the database that helps geologists to understand the origins of these mountains has grown exponentially.”
Damian with colleagues Brendan Murphy (left), Ulf Linnemann (right)
and two of Ulf’s doctoral students, examining rocks of the Rheic Ocean
in the Prague Basin of the Czech Republic in 2002.
And so, to mark the book’s 25th anniversary, Nance and Thompson solicited the help of colleagues to compile a new volume aimed at updating the original with this trove of new information. To generate interest and potential contributions to the new book, Nance and Thompson co-convened two meetings in 2019. The first, organized in collaboration with Yvette Kuiper (Colorado School of Mines), was titled “Peri-Gondwanan terranes and their origins: What do we really know?” and was held in March at the Geological Society of America’s Northeastern Section Meeting in Portland, Maine. The second, organized with the additional support of Brendan Murphy (St. Francis Xavier University, Canada) and Rob Strachan (University of Portsmouth, U.K.), was titled “New developments in the Appalachian-Caledonian-Variscan orogen.” It was held in September in conjunction with the Geological Society of America’s Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona.
From the papers delivered at these two meetings, supplemented by other solicited contributions, Nance and Thompson and their three colleagues were able to make a strong case for a second book, “New Developments in the Appalachian-Caledonian-Variscan Orogen,” to the Geological Society of America. Their proposal was successful, and the 436-page book was published by the society this past July.
Damian Nance with Turkish colleague Erdin Bozkurt examining a preserved
section of the floor of the Rheic Ocean on the Lizard peninsula in
Cornwall, UK, in 2005.
Evolution of the world’s interlinked mountains
“To provide a comprehensive overview of current understanding of the evolution of this vast, interlinked mountain chain, the peaks of which once rivaled those of today’s Himalayas, the book brings together 65 authors from 10 countries and takes the reader on a clockwise path around the North Atlantic, starting in the Appalachians of the United States and Canada, then moving on to the Caledonides of Spitsbergen, Scandinavia, Scotland and Ireland, and ending in the Variscan Belt of southern Europe and Morocco,” Nance said.
Some of the new things scientists are learning about the world that are described in the book:
- The break up of one putative supercontinent, Pannotia, and formation of another, Pangea, “were facilitated by subduction [the return of the ocean floor to Earth’s interior] and seafloor spreading [the creation of new ocean floor] at the leading and trailing edges of the North American plate and Gondwana [the united southern continents], respectively,” according to the book’s introduction. Indeed, some researchers have concluded that “slab pull [the gravitational descent of ocean floor into Earth’s interior] is a sufficient driving force to explain the entire Pannotia–western Pangea supercontinent cycle.”
- Other researchers describe how elements such as gold, uranium, and granite-hosted ore depots such as tin and tungsten were formed and distributed along the Gondwana-Laurussia [a united North America and Europe] plate-boundary zone, along which the three mountain ranges formed
- Several research groups address various aspects of the southeastern New England Avalon terrane, noting new estimates of the ages and origins of various ranges and propose a new model for the flow of magma along the margin of Gondwana.
- Mineral and isotopic studies show the relationships between various mountain ranges, such as those in southeastern New England and the highlands of Nova Scotia, while sedimentary rocks in southern Rhode Island differ from other New England samples but are more consistent with northwest Africa.
- Other researchers use tiny zircon grains in sedimentary rocks, which can now be precisely dated, to time the closure of ocean basins as the continents of North America, Europe and Africa came together.
- And yet other researchers bring to bear exotic elements such as lutetium and hafnium, which can now be used to unravel the crustal evolution of colliding plates.
“All of this new research conducted around the world helps us better understand the tumultuous history of our planet over a timespan that’s hard for most people to imagine,” Nance said. “It also helps us better understand the tectonic forces still pulling and pushing our continents and oceans and the volcanic activity that continues to bring magma from the earth’s interior to its surface. Our planet is not done changing yet.”
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